home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- Year 7 Science assignment 1995
-
-
- Sydney's Drinking Water,
-
-
-
- Its additives and effects on people and the environment.
-
- Introducing the issue
-
- The issue I have chosen is the quality of Sydney's drinking water, writing of the additives
- and pollution in it. Australia is one of the few countries which does not have a legal
- definition of pure water. In Australia and New South Wales there are no legal standards for
- the amounts of chlorine,aluminium or fluoride added to the drinking water only guidelines.
- In Europe and USA water is processed (standards set by law ) according to the guidelines
- developed by the World Health Organisation ( WHO ) but in Australia the governments set
- their own relaxed guidelines formulated in the Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality in
- Australia ,1987 . Do Australians have a greater resistance than other people to the
- carcinogenic effects of heptachlor , chlordane , lindane and dieldrin or were these
- guidelines set to a level so that the water authorities could met them . Also Sydney's
- population believe the water that they are drinking is fully filtered when really only 6% of
- the water being used in homes is filtered.
-
-
-
- Its additives and effects on people and the environment
-
- Why is the issue important ?
-
- This issue is important because of the effects it may have on the population of Sydney. Some
- recent studies in USA and Europe have shown that the amount of certain chemicals being
- added can cause illnesses,such as chlorine and fluoride are believed to cause heart disease
- and cancer, DDT and hexachlorobenzene could cause chronic fatigue syndrome and lead
- poisoning from polyvinyl pipes and leadsolder used to seal them. These allegations made by
- the press over the years have all been denied by the Water Board but it is not known how
- much truth is in their denial but they were forced to acknowledge shortfalls in the SMH 27
- April 1990. Also here are the guidelines set by the World Health organisation (WHO) compared
- to the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC).
-
- Acceptable pesticide levels (expressed as micrograms
- per litre)
- Name WHO NHMRC
-
- Aldrin and Dieldrin 0.03 1
- Chlordane 0.3 6
- DDT 1 3
- Heptachlor 0.1 3
- Lindane 3 100
-
- As you can see the guidelines are quite different.
- Also the fact that Australia has no legal definition of pure water and so there are no legal
- standards that the Sydney Water board has to meet.
-
-
-
-
- It's effects on the population.
-
- >From recent scientific testing and research it is clear that many diseases can be
- >produced from the additives in the drinking water of Sydney .
-
- The diseases which are caused by the water additives are as follows
-
- Heart disease and cancer (from chlorination and fluoridation),
- Chronic fatigue syndrome (from DDT and hexachlorobenzene),
- Lead poisoning (from polyvinyl chloride pipes and lead solder),
- Liver dysfunction (from blue-green algae),
- Alzheimer's disease (from aluminium sulphate,
- Birth defects (from pesticides),
- Infant Methemoglobinemia , a disease affecting the red blood cells (from nitrates).
- Another fact is that sodium fluoride (one of the main
- additives of our water) is the sole ingredient of rat poison.
-
- Another risk comes not from drinking water but from inhaling the gases from it , as the
- heat in the shower ,bath , spas , dishwashers and washing machines changes chloroform into a
- gas A joint study by the EPA and the National Academy of Science has attributed up to 1000
- US cancer deaths each year to inhaling chloroform from water while bathing. Experts advise
- people taking showers to close the bathroom door and open a window .
-
-
- How is the issue changing over time?
-
- The fact is that in the past not much has been done to try and
- fix this problem , due to the fact that public awareness was very little.
- Also the changing of technology and scientists being able to study
- further into the effects of the chemicals progressed through the years
- and these chemicals were not considered a hazard until later years.
- Up to fifty different chemicals can be added to Sydney Water to ' purify it ' and the
- figures detailing the actual quantities used are not available . Water - treatment experts
- in Europe and the USA have become increasingly disturbed by the health implications of
- chemicals added to purify the drinking water . Their concern is focused on three chemicals :
- Alum , Chlorine and Fluoride . In 1990 though the government of New South Wales
- introduced a new $760 million improvement program to upgrade the old facilities and help
- with the problem since then facilities have been upgraded but there is no difference to the
- water
-
-
-
- What Role has the wider community and Government played in this
- issue?
-
- The Government of NSW in 1990 introduced a new $760 Million plan to improve the quality of
- our drinking water by upgrading the facilities and adding new ones. This was thought to have
- made our water cleaner and safer but really to date it has done nothing to improve it. Also
- in my local area the community and our local parliament member Dr. Peter Macdonald has been
- trying to boost local awareness and try to get the government to improve this. Most people
- in Sydney accept the drinking water unquestioningly- sometimes it is all right , at others
- it has an unpleasant taste and odour . The majority of people do not question the purity of
- the drinking water. The controversial and political nature of the problems of Sydney Water
- makes it simpler for them to reassure the public that everything is under control and that
- there is no cause for alarm. Sydney Water under the NHMRC guidelines are considerably more
- relaxed than those put forward by the WHO still only after questions were asked in the NSW
- parliament by Pam Allan , MLA did the Water Board admit that they had consistently failed to
- meet the NHMRC guidelines ( SMH 27 April 1990 ). What Role has the wider community and
- Government played in this issue? ( continued )
-
- What you the individual can do
-
- If you have doubts about the quality of the water , you should contact Sydney Water for
- more information . Inquire about : the source of the water the treatment it undergoes
- before it reaches your home the nature and condition of the pipes it travels in to get there
- With the answers to these questions , you should be able to decide whether or not you have
- a problem and should adopt some of the steps listed below : Boil water to eliminate viral
- or bacterial contamination , it takes only five minutes' boiling to kill harmful bugs and
- reduce high levels of chlorine , trihalomethanes and other volatile chemicals ; So will
- aerating it in a blender or storing it before drinking it ( allowing the chemicals to
- evaporate ) This is the strategy used by Sydney Water when ACA on channel 9 carried out a
- tasting test of Sydney water. Sydney Water collected the water from Manly and took it to the
- studios at Channel 9 allowing time for the chemicals to dissipate before the taste tests
- were carried out .
-
-
-
- Acknowledgments
- (Name, Author/s)
-
- Hidden Hazards, Dr Ronald S, Ashton John and Laura
- On The Water Front, Archer John
- Sydney Morning Herald 1990,Bailey Paul
- Various releases from the Water Board
- Choice , August 1991
- Grollier Encyclopedia
- Science Now , Peter Stannard
- Chemistry Outlines Volume 2
- The Macquarie History of Ideas
- The Guiness Book of Answers
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- F3C22--
-